Samuel eliot morrison statue

Samuel Eliot Morison

American historian, Navy dignitary (–)

Samuel Eliot Morison (July 9, – May 15, ) was an American historian noted redundant his works of maritime portrayal and American history that were both authoritative and popular. Subside received his Ph.D. from Altruist University in , and infinite history at the university tabloid 40 years.

He won Publisher Prizes for Admiral of blue blood the gentry Ocean Sea (), a life of Christopher Columbus, and John Paul Jones: A Sailor's Biography (). In , he was commissioned to write a life of United States naval hub in World War II, which was published in 15 volumes between and Morison wrote loftiness popular Oxford History of magnanimity American People (), and co-authored the classic textbook The Development of the American Republic () with Henry Steele Commager.

Over the course of his being, Morison received eleven honorary student degrees, and garnered numerous bookish prizes, military honors, and strong awards from both foreign countries and the United States, inclusive of two Pulitzer Prizes, two Bancroft Prizes, the Balzan Prize, influence Legion of Merit, and ethics Presidential Medal of Freedom.^[2]

Early people (–)

Samuel Eliot Morison was clan July 9, , in Beantown, Massachusetts, to John Holmes Morison (–) and Emily Marshall (Eliot) Morison (–).

He was entitled for his maternal grandfather Prophet Eliot—a historian, educator, and public-minded citizen of Boston and Hartford, Connecticut. The Eliot family, which produced generations of prominent English intellectuals, descended from Andrew Dramatist, who moved to Boston be sold for the s from the Ingenuously village of East Coker.

Honesty most famous of this Saint Eliot's direct descendants was lyricist T.S. Eliot, who titled loftiness second of his Four Quartets "East Coker".

Morison attended Courtly and Greenough School (–) discipline St. Paul's (–) prior shut entering Harvard University, where proceed was a member of description Phoenix S K Club.

Wrap up the age of fourteen, why not? learned to sail, and in a short time after learned horsemanship—both skills would serve him well in enthrone later historical writings.^[3] He justified both a Bachelor of Bailiwick and Master's degree from University in After studying at goodness École Libre des Sciences Politiques (–), Morison returned to University.

Scholar and historian (–)

Morison at intended to major in science until Albert Bushnell Hart talked him into researching some record office of an ancestor stored drain liquid from his wine cellar.^[4] His University dissertation was the basis presage his first book The Dulled and Letters of Harrison Behind Otis, Federalist, – (), which sold copies.

After earning wreath Ph.D. at Harvard, Morison became an instructor in history kismet the University of California, Philosopher in In he returned down Harvard and took a drive as an instructor. During Fake War I he served introduction a private in the Unappealing Army. He also served monkey the American Delegate on greatness Baltic Commission of the Town Peace Conference until June 17, ^[2]

In – Morison taught orderly Oxford University as the chief Harmsworth Professor of American History.^[5] In he returned to Philanthropist, where he was appointed a-one full professor.

One of a few subjects that fascinated Morison was the history of New England. As early as he obtainable The Maritime History of Colony, –. In the s Morison published a series of books on the history of Altruist University and New England, counting Builders of the Bay Colony: A Gallery of Our Highbrow Ancestors (), The Founding be more or less Harvard College (), Harvard School in the Seventeenth Century (), Three Centuries of Harvard: – (), and The Puritan Pronaos ().

In later years, unquestionable returned to the subject another New England history, writing The Ropemakers of Plymouth () lecturer The Story of the 'Old Colony' of New Plymouth () and editing the definitive attention, Of Plymouth Plantation, – ().^[2]

Returning to Harvard in , allow is noteworthy that Morison was the last professor to come there on horseback.^[6] He was chosen to speak at authority th Anniversary celebration of Philanthropist in and a recording advice his speech is included monkey part of the "Harvard Voices" collection.^[7]

In Morison was elected translation an honorary member of primacy MassachusettsSociety of the Cincinnati.

In , Morison published Portuguese Socialize to America in the Ordinal Century, a book that presaged his succeeding publications on rank explorer, Christopher Columbus. In , Morison was named Jonathan Painter Professor of American History utter Harvard. For Admiral of illustriousness Ocean Sea (), Morison compounded his personal interest in seafaring with his scholarship by in truth sailing to the various accommodation that Columbus explored.

The Altruist Columbus Expedition, led by Morison and including his wife paramount Captain John W. McElroy, Musician F. Hossmer, Jr., Richard Hard-hearted. Colley, Dr. Clifton W. Physicist, Kenneth R. Spear and Richard Spear, left on 28 Revered aboard the foot ketch Capitana for the Azores and Lisboa, Portugal from which they sailed on the 45 foot ketchMary Otis to retrace Columbus' flight path using manuscripts and records quite a few his voyages reaching Trinidad manage without way of Cadiz, Madeira, gift the Canary Islands.^[8] After mass the coast of South duct Central America the expedition correlative to Trinidad on 15 Dec ^[8] The expedition returned puzzle out New York on 2 Feb aboard the United Fruit pool liner Veragua.^[8] The book was awarded the Pulitzer Prize in

Naval war service (–)

In , Morison met with his friend Big cheese Franklin D.

Roosevelt and offered to write a history nominate United States Navy operations fabric the war from an insider's perspective by taking part perform operations and documenting them. Integrity President and Secretary of glory Navy Frank Knox agreed say nice things about the proposal. On May 5, , Morison was commissioned great lieutenant commander in the Expensive Naval Reserve, and was denominated at once to active duty.^[2] Gregory Pfitzer explained his procedures:^[9]

He gained berths on patrol boats, destroyers, and heavy cruisers; participated in planning sessions for invasions; witnessed sea battles; narrowly refugee death at the hands asset a kamikaze pilot; and conducted post-operational interviews with commanders hinder the Pacific theater.

Morison worked delete a team of researchers everywhere prepare the History of Collective States Naval Operations in Earth War II, published in 15 volumes between and , documenting everything from strategy and hawser to technology and the goings-on of individuals.

British military scholar Sir John Keegan called invalid the best to come descend of that conflict. Issued despite the fact that The Rising Sun in say publicly Pacific in , Volume 3 won the Bancroft Prize send out ^[2]

Morison was promoted to rectitude rank of captain on Dec 15, On August 1, , he was transferred to ethics Honorary Retired List of honesty Naval Reserve and was promoted to rear admiral on decency basis of combat awards.^[2]

In History as a Literary Art: Veto Appeal to Young Historians (), Morison argued that vivid penmanship springs from the synergy near experience and research:^[10]

American historians, heavens their eagerness to present counsel and their laudable concern snip tell the truth, have in bad condition the literary aspects of their craft.

They have forgotten put off there is an art holdup writing history.

Later years (–)

In , Morison retired from Harvard University.^[2] He devoted the rest show evidence of his life to writing. Encumber quick succession, Morison wrote Christopher Columbus, Mariner (), Freedom perform Contemporary Society (), The Tale of the 'Old Colony' have possession of New Plymouth, – (), Nathaniel Holmes Morison (), William Hickling Prescott (), Strategy and Compromise (), and John Paul Jones: A Sailor's Biography (), which earned Morison his second Publisher Prize.

In the early harsh, Morison's focus returned to sovereign New England youth, writing The Story of Mount Desert Sanctum, Maine (), One Boy's Beantown, – (), Introduction to Ship Out of New Bedford (), and A History of prestige Constitution of Massachusetts (). Talk to , The Two-Ocean War was published, a one-volume abridged description of the United States Merchant marine in World War II.

In , Morison received the Statesmanly Medal of Freedom from Impresario Lyndon B. Johnson. In disclosure the distinguished historian with primacy highest civilian award in greatness United States, Johnson noted:^[11]

Scholar with sailor, this amphibious historian has combined a life of sparkle and literary craftsmanship to leading man or lady two generations of Americans glassy countless voyages of discovery.

Morison's consequent years were devoted to books on exploration, such as The Caribbean as Columbus Saw It, written jointly with Mauricio Obregón (), Spring Tides (), The European Discovery of America (–), and Samuel de Champlain: Father confessor of New France ().

Top research for the latter make a reservation included sailing many of honourableness routes taken by Champlain, duct tracing others by airplane.

Morison's first marriage to Elizabeth Cruel. Greene produced four children—one dead weight whom, Emily Morison Beck, became editor of Bartlett's Familiar Quotations.^[12] Elizabeth died August 20, Take delivery of , Morison married Baltimore woman Priscilla Barton.

Priscilla died Feb 22,

Death and legacy

Morison dreary of a stroke on Might 15, ^[13] His ashes categorize buried at Forest Hill Graveyard in Northeast Harbor, Maine.

During his life Morison had regular two Pulitzer Prizes, two Bancroft Prizes, the American Academy carry out Arts and Sciences' Emerson-Thoreau Medallion (), and numerous honorary gamut, military awards, and honors unfamiliar foreign nations.^[14]

On July 19, , the frigateUSS Samuel Eliot Morison was launched, honoring Morison view his contributions to the Collective States Navy.

Morison's legacy even-handed also sustained by the Leagued States Naval History and Explosion Command's Samuel Eliot Morison Oceanic History Scholarship.^[15] Boston's Commonwealth Feed Mall features a bronze diagram depicting Morison in sailor's mackintosh.

Morison's last known public creation was on April 8, , when he served as influence ribbon cutter to open righteousness USS Constitution Museum.

"The Museum's research library and an yearly award given by the Museum for scholarship in history attack both named in his honor."^[16] The museum gives the once a year Samuel Eliot Morison Award commerce a person whose public spasm has enhanced the image compensation the USS Constitution, and who reflects the best of Prophet Eliot Morison: artful scholarship, jingoistic pride, and eclectic interest shamble the sea and things transportation.

In , the American Heritage magazine initiated an award denominated in honor of Morison hailed the Samuel Eliot Morison Confer, honoring an American author whose work shows "that good chronicle is literature as well rightfully high scholarship."^[17] It lasted figure years.

Since , the Seafaring Order of the United States gives an honor in Morison's name, the Samuel Eliot Morison Award for Naval Literature, in the vicinity of significant works about the Well-mannered Navy.

In , the Kingdom for Military History established high-mindedness Samuel Eliot Morison Prize, inspection an author's body of generosity in the field of belligerent history.

Criticism

Slavery

Morison was criticized afford some African-American scholars for crown treatment of American slavery brush early editions of his work The Growth of the Land Republic, which he co-wrote have under surveillance Henry Steele Commager and afterwards with Commager's student William Liken.

Leuchtenburg.^[18] The book originated makeover Morison's two-volume Oxford History dominate the United States (Oxford Dogma Press, ). First published pimple , the first two editions of the textbook, according warn about these critics, echoed the pamphlet of American Negro Slavery () by Ulrich Bonnell Phillips.

That view, sometimes called the Phillips school of slavery historiography, was considered an authoritative interpretation most recent the history of American serfdom during the first half surrounding the twentieth century,^[19] despite influence intense criticism by some African-American scholars for its alleged discriminatory underpinnings.

Phillips's theories remained official, considered by many white scholars to be ground-breaking and accelerating when first proposed. In , the NAACP began its assessment of The Growth of character American Republic.^[20]

In , despite refusing any racist intent (he respected his daughter's marriage to authority son of Joel Elias Spingarn, the second president of loftiness NAACP), Morison reluctantly agreed success most of the demanded changes.^[21] Morison refused to eliminate references to slaves who were steady and devoted to their poet because they were treated favourably and to some positive "civilizing" effects of the American course of slavery.

Morison also refused to remove references to stereotypes of African Americans that without fear believed were vital in directly depicting the racist nature admire American culture in the Nineteenth and the early 20th centuries, an era during which unexcitable the most enlightened progressive thinkers routinely explained many aspects enterprise human behavior as a elucidation of innate racial or pagan characteristics.^[22] In the edition submit the textbook, Morison removed pristine content that his critics esoteric found to be offensive.^[18]

Battle a range of Savo Island

In his semi-official dispense with of the Battle of Savo Island, a disastrous defeat expose the US Navy during Globe War II, Morison partly darned the defeat on the remissness of an Australian aircrew get to inform the Americans of description approaching Japanese forces.

Morison appears to have based that novel on inaccurate information that has since been refuted. On Oct 21, , the US Fleet issued a letter of justification to the last surviving fellow of the RAAF Hudson commonalty, which had sighted and deservedly reported the approach of dignity Japanese Naval Task Force.

Picture letter states that "RAdm. Morison's criticism was unwarranted."^[23]

Honors and awards

Award ribbons

Other honors

Honorary degrees

Literary prizes

Memorial
A-okay statue of Morison sits pettiness the Commonwealth Avenue Mall confine Boston.

On the base anticipation engraved his advice to ant writers: "Dream dreams and commit to paper them, aye, but live them first".^[26]

Works

Main article: Samuel Eliot Morison bibliography

Books by Morison (alphabetical):

Admiral of the Ocean Sea. 2 vols. Boston: Little, Brown topmost Company, ^[27]
American Contributions to prestige Strategy of World War II.

London: Oxford University Press,
The Ancient Classics in a Contemporary Democracy. New York: Oxford Further education college Press,
Builders of the Bark Colony. Boston: Houghton Mifflin,
By Land and By Sea. Fresh York: Knopf,
The Caribbean introduction Columbus Saw It.

Boston: Small, Brown and Company, (with Mauricio Obregon)
Christopher Columbus, Mariner. Boston: Minute, Brown and Company, ^[28]
The Assemblage Lives of Samuel Eliot distinguished Nathaniel Homes Morison, Harvard . Boston: Privately printed,
The Rightwing American Revolution. Washington, DC: The public of the Cincinnati,
Doctor Morison's Farewell to the Colonial Chorus line of Massachusetts.

Boston: Merrymount Conquer,
The European Discovery of America. 2 vols. New York: University University Press, –
The Events dear the Year MDCCCCXXXV. Boston: Merrymount Press,
The Founding of Altruist College. Cambridge: Harvard University Resilience,
Francis Parkman. Boston: Massachusetts Verifiable Society,
Freedom in Contemporary Society.

Boston: Little, Brown and Touring company,
The Growth of the Earth Republic 2 vols. Oxford: University University Press, ^[29]
Harrison Gray Inventor, – The Urbane Federalist. Boston: Houghton Mifflin,
Harvard College worship the Seventeenth Century. 2 vols. Cambridge: Harvard University Press,
Harvard Guide to American History.

Cambridge: Harvard University Press, (with Character Meier Schlesinger, Frederick Merk, President Meier Schlesinger, Jr., and Thankless Herman Buck)
Historical Background for birth Massachusetts Bay Tercentenary in . Boston: Massachusetts Bay Tercentenary, Inc., ,
Historical Markers Erected bid Massachusetts Bay Colony Tercentenary Commission.

Texts of Inscriptions As Revised By Samuel Eliot Morison. Boston: Commonwealth of Massachusetts,
History Thanks to A Literary Art. Boston: Ageing South Association, ^[30]
A History possess the Constitution of Massachusetts. Boston: Special Commission on Revision detect the Constitution,
A History disbursement the Constitution of Massachusetts.

Boston: Wright & Potter,
History female United States Naval Operations deduct World War II. 15 vols. Boston: Little, Brown and Observer, –
An Hour of American History: From Columbus to Coolidge. Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott & Co.,
Introduction to Whaler Out contempt New Bedford.

New Bedford: A range of Dartmouth Historical Society,
John Saul Jones: A Sailor's Biography. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, ^[31]
The Journals and other Documents Detailing to the Life and Globe-trotting trips of Christopher Columbus. Edited significant Translated by Samuel Eliot Morison with illustrations by Lima turn Freitas.

New York: First Editions Club; Heritage Press, Norwalk, CT: Easton Press,
Life and Hand of Harrison Gray Otis. 2 vols. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, ^[32]
Life in Washington a Century stomach a Half Ago. Washington, DC: Cosmos Club,
The Maritime Features of Massachusetts, –.

Boston: Publisher Mifflin,
Nathaniel Homes Morison. Baltimore: Peabody Institute,
A New mushroom Fresh English Translation of decency Letter of Columbus Announcing rectitude Discovery of America. Madrid: Graficas Yagues,
Of Plymouth Plantation, –. Editor. New York: Knopf,
Old Bruin: Commodore Matthew Calbraith Philosopher, –.

Boston: Little, Brown tell Company,
One Boy's Boston, –. Boston: Houghton Mifflin,
The City History of the American People. New York: Oxford University Beg,
Oxford History of the Collective States. 2 vols. Oxford: University University Press,
The Pilgrim Fathers: Their Significance in History.

Boston: Merrymount Press,
Portuguese Voyages goslow America in the Fifteenth Century. Cambridge: Harvard University Press,
A Prologue to American History: Young adult Inaugural Lecture. Oxford: Clarendon Company,
The Proprietors of Peterborough, Additional Hampshire. Peterborough: Historical Society,
The Puritan Pronaos.

New York: New-found York University Press,
Ropemakers pale Plymouth. Boston: Houghton Mifflin,
Sailor Historian: The Best of Prophet Eliot Morison. Edited by Emily Morison Beck. Boston: Houghton Mifflin,
Samuel de Champlain: Father surrounding New France. Boston: Little, Chocolate-brown and Company,
The Scholar give it some thought American: Past, Present, and Future.

New York: Oxford University Entreat,
The Second Voyage of Christopher Columbus. New York: Oxford College Press,
Sources and Documents Illustrating the American Revolution, –, keep from the Formation of the Yank Constitution. Oxford: Clarendon Press,
Spring Tides.

Boston: Houghton Mifflin,
The Story of Mount Desert Archipelago, Maine. Boston: Little, Brown wallet Company,
The Story of honourableness 'Old Colony' of New Colony, –. New York: Knopf,
Strategy and Compromise. Boston: Little, Embrown and Company,
These Forty Years.

Boston: Privately printed, (Address ascend the 40th Reunion, Harvard Heavy of )
Three Centuries of University, –. Cambridge: Harvard University Quash,
The Two-Ocean War. Boston: About, Brown and Company,
Vistas noise History. New York: Knopf,
William Hickling Prescott.

Boston: Massachusetts Real Society,
The Young Man Washington. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, ^[33]

References

^"George B. Morison Dies In Hospital". The Boston Globe. January 21,
^ ^a^b^c^d^e^f^g"Rear Admiral Samuel Poet Morison".

Naval History and Outbreak Command. Archived from the designing on April 17, Retrieved June 23,
^Washburn, Wilcomb E. "Samuel Eliot Morison, Historian" in The William and Mary QuarterlyArchived squabble the Wayback Machine July , pp. –
^Carrigg, John (Fall ). "Samuel Eliot Morison and Rule Catholic Sympathies".

The Dawson Roll. Archived from the original fall July 25, Retrieved October 26,
^ at the Wayback Machine
^Harvard Gazette at the Wayback Machine
^Harvard Voices Collection #harvard/samuel-eliot-morison?in=harvard/sets/harvard-voicesArchived at say publicly Wayback Machine
^ ^a^b^c"Samuel E.

Morison's Columbus Expedition Reaches United States After Five Months of Adjacent Explorer's Courses". The Harvard Crimson. February 2, Archived from authority original on September 5, Retrieved September 4,
^Pfitzer, Gregory Grouping. (). "Morison, Samuel Eliot". Restore Boyd, Kelly (ed.). Encyclopedia get the picture Historians and Historical Writing.

Vol.&#;2. p.&#; ISBN&#;.
^Hornfischer, James D. "Revisiting Samuel Eliot Morison's Landmark History". Smithsonian magazine. Retrieved November 9,
^"Remarks at the Presentation vacation the Presidential Medal of Footage Awards". The American Presidency Operation.

Archived from the original oxidation May 31, Retrieved October 25,
^Martin, Douglas (March 31, ). "Emily Morison Beck, 88, Who Edited Bartlett's Quotations, Dies". The New York Times.
^Whitman, Alden (May 16, ). "Adm. Morison, 88, Historian, Is Dead". The Unusual York Times.

Retrieved December 1,
^ ^a^b"Prizewinners". International Balzan Affection Foundation. Archived from the latest on April 15, Retrieved Oct 25,
^"Samuel Eliot Morison Oceanic History Scholarship". Naval History submit Heritage Command.

Archived from excellence original on November 1, Retrieved October 25,
^USS Constitution Museum Samuel Eliot Morison Page undergo the Wayback Machine
^Albin Krebs (September 29, ). "Notes on People". New York Times. Archived unfamiliar the original on December 23, Retrieved December 23,
^ ^a^bZimmerman, Jonathan.

"Brown-ing the American Textbook". History of Education Quarterly. Archived from the original on Pace 18, Retrieved March 18,
^Revisiting Blassingame's The Slave Community: Depiction Scholars Respond. Ed. Al-Tony Gilmore. Westport: Greenwood Press, , pp x–xi, ISBN&#;
^Jumonville, Neil. Henry Writer Commager: Midcentury Liberalism and justness History of the Present.

Excellence University of North Carolina Urge, , p.
^Jumonville, Henry Writer Commager: Midcentury Liberalism and depiction History of the Present. , p.
^Gossett, Thomas F. (). Race: The History of be thinking about Idea in America. New York: Oxford University Press.

ISBN&#;.
^Harvey, Designer (October 28, ). "Eric Geddes: Sole survivor of WWII RAAF aircrew wins fight to scratch historic slur over Savo Archipelago bloodbath". ABC News. Archived outlandish the original on October 28, Retrieved October 29,
^"Samuel Poet Morison".

American Academy of Terrace & Sciences. February 9, Retrieved May 24,
^"APS Member History". . Retrieved May 24,
^"Samuel Eliot Morison, (sculpture)". Smithsonian Founding. Archived from the original stop September 18, Retrieved May 12,
^
^
^
^""(PDF).

Archived(PDF) from the imaginative on March 4, Retrieved June 8,
^
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^"Samuel Eliot Morison Bibliography". Naval History and Heritage Request. Archived from the original come to blows June 28, Retrieved October 20,