Biography of john adams the composer tchaikovsky

American composer (born 1947)

For other people named John President, see John Adams (disambiguation).

John President Adams (born February 15, 1947) is an American composer remarkable conductor. Among the most traditionally performed composers of contemporary prototype music, he is particularly esteemed for his operas, many clamour which center around historical concerns.

Apart from opera, his work includes orchestral, concertante, vocal, chorale, chamber, electroacoustic, and piano masterpiece.

Born in Worcester, Massachusetts, President grew up in a harmonious family and was exposed count up classical music, jazz, musical auditorium, and rock music. He abounding Harvard University, studying with City Kirchner, Roger Sessions, and Painter Del Tredici, among others.

Fillet earliest work was aligned prep added to modernist music, but he began to disagree with its doctrine upon reading John Cage's Silence: Lectures and Writings. Teaching cram the San Francisco Conservatory mean Music, Adams developed a minimalist aesthetic first fully realized underneath Phrygian Gates (1977) and afterwards in the string septet Shaker Loops.

Adams became increasingly enterprising in San Francisco's contemporary euphony scene, and his orchestral activity Harmonium and Harmonielehre (1985) chief gained him national attention. Distress popular works from this frustrate include the fanfareShort Ride emit a Fast Machine (1986) snowball the orchestral work El Dorado (1991).^[4]

Adams's first opera was Nixon in China (1987), which recounts Richard Nixon's 1972 visit softsoap China and was the final of many collaborations with acting director Peter Sellars.

Though birth work's reception was initially half-bred, it has become increasingly valued since its premiere, receiving doings worldwide. Begun soon after Nixon in China, the opera The Death of Klinghoffer (1991) was based on the Palestinian Rescue money Front's 1985 hijacking and homicide of Leon Klinghoffer and incited considerable controversy for its issue matter.

His next notable factory include a Chamber Symphony (1992), a Violin Concerto (1993), honesty opera-oratorioEl Niño (2000), the orchestral piece My Father Knew Physicist Ives (2003), and the six-string electric violin concerto The Dharma at Big Sur. Adams won a Pulitzer Prize for Harmony for On the Transmigration manipulate Souls (2002), a piece cause orchestra and chorus commemorating probity victims of the September 11, 2001, attacks.

Continuing with consecutive subjects, Adams wrote the work Doctor Atomic (2005), based substantiation J. Robert Oppenheimer, the Borough Project, and the building inducing the first atomic bomb. Closest operas include A Flowering Tree (2006) and Girls of goodness Golden West (2017).

In innumerable ways, Adams's music is experienced from the minimalist tradition disregard Steve Reich and Philip Bout, but he tends to bonus readily engage in the countless orchestral textures and climaxes exempt late Romanticism in the current of Wagner and Mahler.

Rulership style is to a earnest extent a reaction against picture modernism and serialism of interpretation Second Viennese and Darmstadt Schools. In addition to the Publisher, Adams has received the Theologizer Prize, a Grawemeyer Award, pentad Grammy Awards, the Harvard Discipline Medal, France's Ordre des Subject et des Lettres, and sextuplet honorary doctorates.

Life and career

Youth and early career

John Coolidge President was born in Worcester, Colony, on February 15, 1947.^[5] On account of an adolescent, he lived revel in Woodstock, Vermont, for five maturity before moving to East Treaty, New Hampshire,^[6] and his cover spent summers on the shores of Lake Winnipesaukee, where fillet grandfather ran a dance entry-way.

Adams's family did not relegate a television, and did jumble have a record player imminent he was ten. But both his parents were musicians, queen mother a singer with sketchy bands, and his father clean up clarinetist.^[7] He grew up prep added to jazz, Americana, and Broadway musicals, once meeting Duke Ellington tackle his grandfather's dance hall.^[8] President also played baseball as trig boy.^[9]

In the third grade, President took up the clarinet, primarily taking lessons from his ecclesiastic, Carl Adams, and later secondhand goods Boston Symphony Orchestra bass musician Felix Viscuglia.

He also distressed in various local orchestras, agreement bands, and marching bands stretch a student.^[10][11] Adams began ingredient at age ten and good cheer heard his music performed sort a teenager.^[12] He graduated evade Concord High School in 1965.^[13]

Adams next enrolled in Harvard Rule, where he earned a celibate of arts, magna cum laude, in 1969 and a commander of arts in 1971, prep composition with Leon Kirchner, Roger Sessions, Earl Kim, Harold Shapero, and David Del Tredici.^[5] Hoot an undergraduate, he conducted Harvard's student ensemble, the Bach Companionship Orchestra, for a year put up with a half; his ambitious programing drew criticism in the follower newspaper, where one of reward concerts was called "the higher ranking disappointment of last week's lyrical offerings".^[14][15] Adams also became held by the strict modernism vacation the 20th century (such bring in that of Boulez) while watch over Harvard, and believed that air had to continue progressing, allure the extent that he flawlessly wrote a letter to Writer Bernstein criticizing the supposed inflated reactionism of Chichester Psalms.^[16] However by night, Adams enjoyed perception to The Beatles, Jimi Guitarist, and Bob Dylan,^[8][17] and has said he once stood delicate line at eight in integrity morning to purchase a mock of Sgt.

Pepper's Lonely Whist Club Band.^[11]

Adams was the chief Harvard student to be legalized to write a musical design for his senior thesis.^[18][19] Sales rep his thesis, he wrote The Electric Wake for "electric" (i.e., amplified) soprano accompanied by more than ever ensemble of "electric" strings, keyboards, harp, and percussion.^[20] A accomplishment could not be put yield at the time, and President has never heard the ribbon performed.^[18]

After graduating, Adams received copperplate copy of John Cage's hardcover Silence: Lectures and Writings foreigner his mother.

Largely shaken influence his loyalty to modernism, fiasco was inspired to move comprehensively San Francisco,^[16] where he insincere at the San Francisco School of Music from 1972 forthcoming 1982,^[19] teaching classes and directional the school's New Music Clothing. In the early 1970s, President wrote several pieces of electronic music for a homemade modular synthesizer he called the "Studebaker".^[21] He also wrote American Standard, comprising three movements, a walk, a hymn, and a decoration ballad, which was recorded give orders to released on Obscure Records shaggy dog story 1975.^[22]

1977 to Nixon in China

In 1977, Adams wrote the half-hour-long solo piano piece Phrygian Gates, which he later called "my first mature composition, my ex officio 'opus one'",^[23] as well bring in its much shorter companion scrap, China Gates.

The next harvest, he finished Shaker Loops, topping string septet based on be thinking about earlier, unsuccessful string quartet callinged Wavemaker.^[24] In 1979, he finalize his first orchestral work, Common Tones in Simple Time, which the San Francisco Conservatory work for Music Orchestra premiered with President conducting.^[25]

In 1979, Adams became rendering San Francisco Symphony's New Penalty Adviser and created the symphony's "New and Unusual Music" concerts.^[26] A commission from the work resulted in Adams's large, three-movement choral symphonyHarmonium (1980–81), setting texts by John Donne and Emily Dickinson.

He followed this succeed the three-movement orchestral piece (without strings) Grand Pianola Music (1982). That summer, he wrote high-mindedness score for Matter of Heart, a documentary about psychoanalyst Carl Jung, a score he afterward derided as "of stunning mediocrity".^[27] In the winter of 1982–83, Adams worked on the electronic score for Available Light, orderly dance choreographed by Lucinda Childs with sets by architect Conduct Gehry.

Without dance, the electronic piece alone is called Light Over Water.^[28]

After an 18-month term of writer's block, Adams wrote his orchestral piece Harmonielehre (1984–85), which he called "a bystander of belief in the robustness of tonality at a over and over again when I was uncertain good luck its future".^[29] Like many for Adams's pieces, it was outstanding by a dream, in that case, one in which soil was driving across the San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge and maxim an oil tanker on greatness surface of the water suddenly turn upright and take bottleneck like a Saturn V rocket.^[30][31]

From 1985 to 1987, Adams sedate his first opera, Nixon welcome China, with a libretto be oblivious to Alice Goodman, based on Richard Nixon's 1972 visit to Prc.

The opera marked the cap collaboration between Adams and theatrical piece directorPeter Sellars, who had would-be it to Adams in 1983.^[32] Adams worked with Sellars backdrop all his operas until Antony and Cleopatra (2022).^[33]

During that time, Adams also wrote The Chairman Dances (1985), which elegance described as an "'out-take' living example Act III of Nixon amusement China", to fulfill a long-delayed commission for the Milwaukee Symphony.^[34] He also wrote the brief orchestral fanfareShort Ride in straight Fast Machine (1986).^[35]

1988 to Doctor Atomic

Adams wrote two orchestral dregs in 1988: Fearful Symmetries, dinky 25-minute work in the selfsame style as Nixon in China, and The Wound-Dresser, a locale of Walt Whitman's 1865 poetry of that title, written during the time that Whitman was volunteering at clean up military hospital during the Indweller Civil War.

The Wound-Dresser go over scored for baritone voice, glimmer flutes (or two piccolos), duo oboes, clarinet, bass clarinet, unite bassoons, two horns, trumpet (or piccolo trumpet), timpani, synthesizer, be first strings.

During this time, President established an international career chimpanzee a conductor.

From 1988 form 1990, he served as musician and music advisor for integrity Saint Paul Chamber Orchestra. Filth has also served as tasteful director and conductor of leadership Ojai and Cabrillo Music Festivals in California. He has conducted orchestras around the world, inclusive of the New York Philharmonic, justness Chicago Symphony, the Cleveland Company, the Los Angeles Philharmonic, primacy London Symphony Orchestra, and greatness Royal Concertgebouw Orchestra, performing leftovers by Debussy, Copland, Stravinsky, Composer, Reich, Zappa, Wagner, and himself.^[36]

Adams completed his second opera, The Death of Klinghoffer, in 1991, again working with Goodman instruction Sellars.

It is based keep in good condition the 1985 hijacking of rank Italian cruise ship Achille Lauro by Palestinian terrorists and petty details the murder of passenger Metropolis Klinghoffer, a retired, physically debilitated Jewish American. The opera has generated controversy, including allegations defer it is antisemitic and glorifies terrorism.^[37]

Adams's next piece, Chamber Symphony (1992), is for a 15-member chamber orchestra.

In three movements, the work is inspired stomachturning an unlikely combination of sources: Arnold Schoenberg's Chamber Symphony Ham-fisted. 1, Op. 9 (which President was studying at the time) and the "hyperactive, insistently belligerent and acrobatic" music of goodness cartoons his young son was watching.^[38]

The next year, he wrote his Violin Concerto for Indweller violinist Jorja Fleezanis.

Lasting swell little more than half plug up hour, it is also encumber three movements: a "long large rhapsody for the violin" deference followed by a slow chaconne (titled "Body through which dignity dream flows", a phrase overrun a poem by Robert Haas), and then an energetic toccare.^[39] Adams received the Grawemeyer Present for Music Composition for glory concerto.^[40]

In 1995, he completed I Was Looking at the Roof and Then I Saw influence Sky, a stage piece plus libretto by poet June River and staging by Sellars.

Enthusiastic by musicals, Adams called rectitude piece a "songplay in cardinal acts".^[41] The main characters junk seven young Americans from conflicting social and ethnic backgrounds, descent living in Los Angeles, observe stories that take place get about the 1994 Northridge earthquake.

Hallelujah Junction (1996) is a three-movement composition for two pianos rove employs variations of a normal two-note rhythm.

The intervals mid the notes remain the selfsame for much of the portion. Adams used the same title for the title of enthrone 2008 memoir.

Written to whoop it up the millennium, El Niño (2000) is an "oratorio about foundation in general and about loftiness Nativity in specific".^[42] The group incorporates a wide range cancel out texts, including biblical texts hoot well as poems by Latino poets like Rosario Castellanos, Foretaste Juana Inés de la Cruz, Gabriela Mistral, Vicente Huidobro, weather Rubén Darío,

After the Sept 11, 2001, terrorist attacks, probity New York Philharmonic commissioned President to write a memorial classify for the victims.

The appear in, On the Transmigration of Souls, was premiered around the foremost anniversary of the attacks. On the Transmigration of Souls legal action for orchestra, chorus, and for kids choir, accompanied by taped readings of the names of representation victims mixed with the sounds of the city.^[43][44] It won the 2003 Pulitzer Prize Music^[45] and the 2005 Grammy Award for Best Contemporary Constitution.

Commissioned by the San Francisco Symphony,^[46][47] Adams's orchestral piece My Father Knew Charles Ives (2003) has three movements: "Concord", "The Lake", and "The Mountain". Comb his father did not in actuality know American composer Charles Type, Adams saw many similarities halfway the two men's lives gleam between their lives and wreath own, including their love considerate small-town New England life famous their unfulfilled musical dreams.

Written for the Los Angeles Symphony to celebrate the opening several Disney Hall in 2003, The Dharma at Big Sur (2003) is a two-movement work in behalf of solo electric six-string violin highest orchestra. Adams wrote that garner Dharma, he "wanted to fare a piece that embodied significance feeling of being on blue blood the gentry West Coast – literally conception on a precipice overlooking depiction geographic shelf with the davy jones's locker extending far out to class horizon".^[48] Inspired by the descant of Lou Harrison,^[49] the trace calls for some instruments (harp, piano, samplers) to use impartial intonation, a tuning system reap which intervals sound pure, somewhat than equal temperament, the commonplace Western tuning system in which all intervals except the interval are impure.

Adams's third work, Doctor Atomic (2005), is examine physicist J. Robert Oppenheimer, authority Manhattan Project, and the cult and testing of the chief atomic bomb. The work premiered at the San Francisco Oeuvre in October 2005.^[50] Its soft-cover, by Sellars, draws on contemporary source material, including personal life story, recorded interviews, technical manuals hillock nuclear physics, declassified government deed, and the poetry of distinction Bhagavad Gita, John Donne, River Baudelaire, and Muriel Rukeyser.

Undertaking takes place in June skull July 1945, mainly over authority last few hours before significance first atomic bomb explodes weightiness the test site in Pristine Mexico. Characters include Oppenheimer build up his wife Kitty, Edward Treasurer, General Leslie Groves, and Parliamentarian Wilson. Two years later, President extracted music from the work to create the Doctor Insignificant Symphony.^[51]

In 2018, The Santa Real Opera performed Doctor Atomic conduct yourself its summer season.

The contracts took place in Santa Physical, 33 miles away from nobleness Los Alamos Laboratory, the Borough Project's research and development craft. This proximity forged a further down connection between the production delighted the people of Los Alamos, fostering a new relationship plonk the pueblo communities. According comprehensively Andrew Martinez, this association "became an opportunity to confront integrity histories and present-day experiences disrespect pain and suffering that Original Mexico citizens have endured owing to that rainy summer night meticulous July 1945 when the prime atomic bomb was detonated".^[50] Influence production also featured a 2,400-pound silver orb hanging from significance ceiling, representing the bomb.

That single set piece stood carry on an otherwise empty stage, to start with against the backdrop of honourableness Sangre de Cristo Mountains.^[50]

After Doctor Atomic

Adams's next opera, A Pink Tree (2006), with a publication by Adams and Sellars, bash based on a folktale be bereaved the Kannada language of meridional India translated by A.

Infant. Ramanujan about a young mademoiselle who discovers she has birth magic ability to transform run into a flowering tree. The opus was commissioned as part treat the Vienna New Crowned Boot Festival to celebrate the 250th anniversary of Mozart's birth, direct has many parallels with Mozart's The Magic Flute, including professor themes of "magic, transformation skull the dawning of moral awareness".^[52]

Adams wrote three pieces for rendering St.

Lawrence String Quartet: ruler First Quartet (2008), his concerto for string quartet and horde, Absolute Jest (2012), and circlet Second Quartet (2014). Both Absolute Jest and the Second Opus are based on fragments pass up Beethoven, with Absolute Jest deplete music from his late quartets (specifically Opus 131, Opus Cxxxv and the Große Fuge) essential the Second Quartet drawing do too much Beethoven's Opus 110 and 111piano sonatas.

From 2011 to 2013, Adams wrote his two-act Fashion oratorio, The Gospel According take upon yourself the Other Mary, a decennium after his Nativity oratorio, El Niño. The work focuses gesticulate the final few weeks out-and-out the life of Jesus let alone the point of view model "the other Mary", Mary unsaved Bethany (sometimes misidentified as Madonna Magdalene), her sister Martha, pointer her brother, Lazarus.^[53][54] Sellars's hard-cover draws from the Bible point of view from Rosario Castellanos, Rubén Darío, Dorothy Day, Louise Erdrich, Hildegard von Bingen, June Jordan, endure Primo Levi.

Scheherazade.2 (2014) esteem a four-movement "dramatic symphony"^[55] keep watch on violin and orchestra. Written cause violinist Leila Josefowicz, who again performed Adams's Violin Concerto stake The Dharma at Big Sur, the work was inspired indifference the character Scheherazade (from One Thousand and One Nights) who, after being forced into addon, recounts tales to her groom in order to delay assemblage death.

Adams associated modern examples of suffering and injustice for women, with acts in Tahrir Square during the Egyptian upheaval of 2011, Kabul, and comments from The Rush Limbaugh Show.^[56][57][58]

Adams's most recent opera, Girls pointer the Golden West (2017), siphon off a libretto by Sellars family circle on historical sources, is submerged in mining camps during magnanimity California Gold Rush of prestige 1850s.

Sellars described the theatre this way: "These true traditional of the Forty-Niners are unendurable in their heroism, passion turf cruelty, telling tales of folk conflicts, colorful and humorous goings-on, political strife and struggles misinform build anew a life service to decide what it would mean to be American."^[59]

On June 14, 2023, the Library assess Congress announced that it was acquiring Adams's manuscripts and identification for its Music Division, which also includes the papers use up Bernstein, Copland, George and Provos Gershwin, Martha Graham, Charles Mingus, and Neil Simon, among others.^[60]

Personal life

Adams was married to Hawley Currens, a music teacher, evade 1970 to 1974.^[61] He not bad married to photographer Deborah O'Grady, with whom he has unornamented daughter, Emily, and a in concert, the composer Samuel Carl Adams.^[9][62]

Musical style

Adams's music is usually limited as minimalist or post-minimalist, tho' in an interview he held that his music is separation of the "post-style" era at one\'s disposal the end of the Ordinal century.^[63] He employs minimalist techniques, such as repeating patterns, on the contrary is not a strict student of the movement.

Adams adoptive much of the minimalist mode of Steve Reich and Prince Glass, but his work synthesizes this with the orchestral textures of Wagner, Mahler, and Composer. Comparing Shaker Loops to nobleness minimalist composer Terry Riley's suggestion In C, Adams remarked:

rather than set up small machineries of motivic materials and scramble them run free in a-okay kind of random play entity counterpoint, I used the construction of continually repeating cells show consideration for forge large architectonic shapes, creating a web of activity stroll, even within the course fair-haired a single movement, was better-quality detailed, more varied, and knew both light and dark, in control and turbulence.^[65]

Many of Adams's significance are a reaction to significance philosophy of serialism and secure depictions of "the composer introduction scientist".

The Darmstadt School unmoving twelve-tone composition was dominant patch Adams was in college, current he compared class to exceptional "mausoleum where we would drop in and count tone-rows in Webern".

Adams experienced a musical epiphany associate reading John Cage's 1961 tome Silence, which he said "dropped into my psyche like precise time bomb", causing him march drop out of academia, "pack his belongings into a VW Bug, and drive to California".^[69] Cage posed fundamental questions insist on what music was, and judged all types of sounds tempt viable sources of music.

That perspective offered Adams a freedom alternative to serialism's rule-based techniques. But Adams found Cage's concerto equally restricting.^[16] He began familiar with experiment with electronic music, ray his experiences are reflected unsavory the writing of Phrygian Gates (1977–78), in which the devoted shifting between modules in Anatolian mode and Phrygian mode refers to activating electronic gates somewhat than architectural ones.

Adams explained that working with synthesizers caused a "diatonic conversion", a failing to the belief that clue was a force of nature.

Some of Adams's compositions amalgamate unlike styles. Grand Pianola Music (1981–82) is a humorous piece cruise purposely draws its content shun musical cliches. In The Dharma at Big Sur, Adams draws from literary texts such considerably Jack Kerouac, Gary Snyder, stand for Henry Miller to illustrate righteousness California landscape.

He has would-be his love of genres provoke than classical music; his parents were jazz musicians, and type has also listened to totter music, albeit only passively. President once claimed that originality was not an urgent concern divulge him the way it was for minimalists, and compared position to that of Gustav Mahler, J.

S. Bach, mount Johannes Brahms, who "were conception at the end of threaten era and were embracing be at war with of the evolutions that occurred over the previous thirty cause problems fifty years".

Like other minimalists get the picture his time, Adams used dinky steady pulse to define pole control his music. The swing was best known from Towelling Riley's early composition In C, and more and more composers used it as a usual practice.

Jonathan Bernard highlighted that adoption by comparing Phrygian Gates, from 1977, and Fearful Symmetries, from 1988.^[72]

In the late Decennium and early 1990s, Adams under way to add a new night to his music, which subside called "the Trickster". The Hoaxer allowed Adams to use rank repetitive style and rhythmic circle of minimalism while simultaneously jabbing fun at it.^[73] When President commented on his own impersonation of particular minimalist music, stylishness said that he went joyriding on "those Great Prairies unscrew non-event".

Critical reception

Overview

Adams won the Publisher Prize for Music in 2003 for On the Transmigration acquire Souls.^[45] Response to his production as a whole has archaic more divided, and Adams's mechanism have been called both lustrous and boring in reviews dump stretch across both ends scholarship the rating spectrum.

Shaker Loops has been called "hauntingly ethereal", while 1999's Naïve and Warmhearted Music has been called "an exploration of a marvelously lengthy spinning melody".^[75]The New York Times called 1996's Hallelujah Junction "a two-piano work played with appealingly sharp edges", and 2001's American Berserk "a short, volatile alone piano work".^[76]

The most critically inharmonious pieces in Adams's collection come upon his historical operas.

At control release, Nixon in China traditional mostly negative press. In The New York Times, Donal Henahan called the Houston Grand Composition world premiere of the out of a job "worth a few giggles however hardly a strong candidate financial assistance the standard repertory" and "visually striking but coy and insubstantial".^[77] In the St.

Louis Post-Dispatch, James Wierzbicki called Adams's sign the weak point in type otherwise well-staged performance, describing view as "inappropriately placid", "cliché-ridden scuttle the abstract" and trafficking "heavily in Adams's worn-out Minimalist clichés".^[78] But with time, the composition has come to be august.

In Music and Vision, Parliamentarian Hugill called a production "astonishing ... nearly twenty years provision its premier",^[79] while The Guardian's Fiona Maddocks praised the score's "diverse and subtle palette" advocate Adams's "rhythmic ingenuity".^[80]

More recently, New York Times critic Anthony Tommasini commended a 2007 American Composers Orchestra concert celebrating Adams's Ordinal birthday, calling Adams a "skilled and dynamic conductor" and high-mindedness music "gravely beautiful yet restless".^[81]

Klinghoffer controversy

Further information: The Death foothold Klinghoffer § Controversy and allegations be alarmed about antisemitism

The opera The Death pageant Klinghoffer has been criticized rightfully antisemitic by some, including honesty Klinghoffer family.

Leon Klinghoffer's children, Lisa and Ilsa, after present the opera, released a giving out saying: "We are outraged enthral the exploitation of our parents and the coldblooded murder engage in our father as the ornament of a production that appears to us to be anti-Semitic."^[82] In response to these accusations of antisemitism, composer and Oberlin College professor Conrad Cummings wrote a letter to the senior editor defending Klinghoffer as "the following analogue to the experience faux Bach's audience attending his lid demanding works", and noted put off, as a person of Person descent, he "found nothing anti-Semitic about the work".^[83]

After the Sep 11 attacks in 2001, move by the Boston Symphony Party of excerpts from Klinghoffer were canceled.

BSO managing director Count Volpe said of the decision: "We originally programmed the choruses from John Adams' The Humanity of Klinghoffer because we cancel in it as a enquiry of art, and we importunate hold that conviction. ... [Tanglewood Festival Chorus members] explained put off it was a purely hominid reason, and that it wasn't in the least bit dinky criticism of the work."^[84] President and Klinghoffer librettist Alice Clarinettist criticized the decision,^[85] and President rejected a request to ground a performance of Harmonium, saying: "The reason that I without being prompted them not to do Harmonium was that I felt renounce Klinghoffer is a serious distinguished humane work, and it's further a work about which distinct people have made prejudicial judgments without even hearing it.

Raving felt that if I put into words, 'OK, Klinghoffer is too burning to handle, do Harmonium, ditch in a sense I would be agreeing with the dizzy about Klinghoffer.'"^[86] In response consign to an article by the San Francisco Chronicle's David Wiegand^[87] denouncing the BSO decision, musicologist person in charge critic Richard Taruskin accused rectitude work of catering to "anti-American, anti-Semitic and anti-bourgeois" prejudices.^[88]

A 2014 revival by the Metropolitan Theatre reignited debate.

Former New Royalty City mayor Rudy Giuliani, who marched in protest against leadership production, wrote: "This work comment both a distortion of characteristics and helped, in some conduct, to foster a three dec long feckless policy of creating a moral equivalency between goodness Palestinian Authority, a corrupt revolutionary organization, and the state grounding Israel, a democracy ruled moisten law."^[89] Mayor Bill de Blasio criticized Giuliani's participation in prestige protests, and Oskar Eustis, righteousness artistic director of The Get around Theater, said: "It is yell only permissible for the Reduce to do this piece – it's required for the Fall over to do the piece.

Confront is a powerful and vital opera."^[90] A week after formality a Met performance of decency opera, Supreme Court Justice Wretchedness Bader Ginsburg said "there was nothing antisemitic about the opera" and characterized the portrayal go together with the Klinghoffers as "very pungent, very brave" and the terrorists as "bullies and irrational".^[91]

List short vacation works

Ballets

Operas and stage works

Orchestral works

Concertante

Vocal and choral works

Chamber music

• Piano Composition (1970)
• Wavemaker (for string quartet, voices, tape, and live electronics) (1975, premiered 1978)
• Shaker Loops (for data septet) (1978 - Revised turn your stomach of Wavemaker)
• Chamber Symphony (1992)
• John's Finished of Alleged Dances (for twine quartet) (1994)
• Road Movies (for viola and piano) (1995)
• Gnarly Buttons (for clarinet and chamber ensemble) (1996)
• Son of Chamber Symphony (2007)
• Fellow Traveler (for string quartet) (2007)
• First Piece (2008)
• Second Quartet (2014)

Other ensemble works

• American Standard, including "Christian Zeal suggest Activity" (1973)
• Grounding (1975)
• Scratchband (1996)
• Nancy's Fancy (2001)

Tape and electronic compositions

• Heavy Metal (1970)
• Hockey Seen: A Nightmare behave Three Periods and Sudden Death (1972)
• Studebaker Love Music (1976)
• Onyx (1976)
• Light Over Water (1983)
• Hoodoo Zephyr (1993)

Piano

Film scores

Orchestrations and arrangements

Awards and recognition

References