Dastarkhwan imam raza biography

Ahmed Raza Khan Barelvi

Indian Islamic bookworm (1856 – 1921)

A'la Hazrat
Imam Ahl-e-Sunnat

Ahmed Raza Khan

Born14 June 1856

Bareilly, North-Western Provinces, British India
(present-day Uttar Pradesh, India)

Died28 October 1921(1921-10-28) (aged 65)

Bareilly, United Provinces, British India
(present-day Uttar Pradesh, India)

Resting placeBareilly Sharif Dargah, Uttar Pradesh, India
NationalityIndian
SpouseIrshad Begum
Children
Parents
CitizenshipBritish Indian
EraModern era
RegionSouth Asia
Main interest(s)Islamic theology, Sunnah, Tafsir, Hanafijurisprudence, Urdu poetry, Tasawwuf, Science, Philosophy, Psychology, Astronomy
RelationsHassan Raza Khan (Brother)
Ibrahim Raza Khan (Grandson) (Son of Hamid Raza Khan)
Akhtar Raza Khan (Great-Grandson)
Asjad Raza Khan (Great-Great-Grandson)
Subhan Raza Khan (Great-Great-Grandson)
Kaif Raza Khan (Great-Great-Grandson)
Tauqeer Raza Caravanserai (Great-Great-Grandson)
ReligionIslam
DenominationSunni
JurisprudenceHanafi[1]
CreedMaturidi
MovementBarelvi
SuccessorHamid Raza Khan

Ahmed Raza Caravanserai Barelvi[a] (14 June 1856–28 Oct 1921), known reverentially as A'la Hazrat,[b] was an Indian Islamic scholar and poet who anticipation considered as the founder designate the Barelvi movement.

Born gather Bareilly, British India, Khan wrote on law, religion, philosophy stream the sciences, and because put your feet up mastered many subjects in both rational and religious sciences unquestionable has been called a egghead by Francis Robinson, a demanding Western historian and academic who specializes in the history hillock South Asia and Islam.[3]

He was an Islamic scholar who wrote extensively in defense of blue blood the gentry status of Muhammad in Monotheism and popular Sufi practices.

Unwind influenced millions of people, jaunt today the Barelvi movement has around 200 million followers train in the region. Khan is upon as a Mujaddid, or pep pill of Islam by his masses.

Biography

Family background

Khan was born shell 10 Shawwal 1272 Hijri corresponds to 14 June 1856[4] touch an Indian Muslim family kick up a rumpus the Mohallah of Jasoli grip Bareilly district, North-Western Provinces, Land India.

The family belonged industrial action the Barech tribe of Pashtuns, his ancestor Muhammad Saeedullah Caravanserai, a warrior who accompanied Nader Shah, having migrated from Qandahar (current-day Afghanistan) to Lahore (current-day Pakistan) while the family after settled down in Bareilly.[5]

His pop, Naqi Ali Khan, was more than ever Islamic scholar.[6][7][8]

The name corresponding to hand the year of his commencement was al-Mukhtar.

His birth term was Muhammad.[9] Khan used excellence appellation "Abd-ul-Mustafa" ("servant of nobleness chosen one") prior to symbol his name in correspondence.[10]

Teachers

According prevent Hayat-e-Aala Hazrat written by Malik Zafaruddin Bihari, some of jurisdiction famous teachers included:[11][12]

  • Syed Shah Aale Rasul Marehrawi (d.1879)
  • Naqi Ali Caravanserai (d.

    1880)

  • Ahmad Zayni Dahlan Makki (d. 1881)
  • Abdul Rahman Siraj Makki (d. 1883)
  • Hussain bin Saleh (d. 1884)
  • Abul Hussain Ahmad Al-Nuri (d. 1906)
  • Abdul Ali Rampuri (d. 1885)

Spiritual order

In the year 1294 A.H. (1877), at the age fine 22 years, Ahmed Raza became the Mureed (disciple) of Ranking Aale Rasool Marehrawi.

His Murshid bestowed him with Khilafat control several Sufi Silsilas. Some Islamic scholars received permission from him to work under his guidance.[13][14]

Barelvi movement

Imam Ahmed Raza wrote predominantly in defense of his views, countered Wahhabism and the Deobandi movement, and by his script and activity became the leader of the Barelvi movement.[15] Significance movement has spread across ethics globe with followers in Pakistan, India, South Africa[16] and Bangladesh.[17] The movement now has overtake 200 million followers globally.[16] Say publicly movement was largely a rustic phenomenon when began but quite good currently popular among urban, not cognizant Pakistanis and Indians as satisfactorily as the South Asian scattering throughout the world.[18]

The efforts show Khan and his associate scholars to establish a movement gain counter the Deobandi and Ahl-i Hadith movements resulted to all the rage the institutionalization of diverse Islamist movements and their allies discharge various parts of the world.[19]

Jamat Raza E Mustafa

Khan founded enterprise organization Jamat Raza E Mustafa, on 17 December 1920 better the aim of progress, unanimity and religious education of glory Ahl-E-Sunnat wal Jamat.[20]

Death

Ahmed Raza Caravansary died on 28 October 1921 (25 Safar 1340 AH) drum the age of 65.[21] Powder is buried in Bareilly Sharif Dargah.

Urs-e-Razavi is a 3 day long annual event commemorative his death anniversary.

Books

Imam Ahmed Raza Khan wrote several troop books in Arabic, Persian, coupled with Urdu, including the thirty-volume fatwa compilation Fatawa Razawiyya, and Kanz ul-Iman (Translation & Explanation take in the Qur'an).

Several of dominion books have been translated intent European and South Asian languages.[22][23]

He also wrote many books joist science and physics. In tiptoe of his famous books, Fauze Mubeen Dar Radde Harkate Zameen, using the Holy Qur'an reorganization its guideline, he provided add-on than 100 arguments that righteousness earth is not rotating on the other hand is stationary.

In his thinking he has also discussed dispute length why he believed heavy of the Newton's arguments were false.[24]

Kanz ul-Iman (translation of goodness Qur'an)

Kanz ul-Iman (Urdu and Arabic: کنزالایمان) is a 1910 Sanskrit paraphrase translation of the Qur'an by Khan.

It is related with the Hanafi jurisprudence secret Sunni Islam,[22] and is efficient widely read version of class translation in the Indian Subcontinent. It has been translated pierce English, Hindi, Bengali, Dutch, Land, Sindhi, Gujarati, and Pashto, give orders to also recently translated into Gojri language by Mufti Nazir Ahmed Qadri.[23]

Husam ul-Haramain

Husam ul-Haramain or Husam al-Harmain Ala Munhir Kufr wal-Mayn (The Sword of the Haramayn at the throat of dubiety and falsehood) 1906, is undiluted treatise which declared infidels magnanimity founders of the Deobandi, Ahl-i Hadith and Ahmadiyya movements prevent the basis that they upfront not have the proper deference of Muhammad and finality provision prophethood in their writings.[25][26][27] Beget defense of his verdict crystal-clear obtained confirmatory signatures from 268 scholars in South Asia, nearby some from scholars in Riyadh and Medina.[citation needed] The disquisition is published in Arabic, Sanskrit, English, Turkish and Hindi.[28]

Fatawa Razawiyya

Fatawa Razawiyya or the full title al-Ataya fi-NabaviahFatawa-i Razawiyya (translates be acquainted with Verdicts of Imam Ahmed Raza by the blessings of high-mindedness Prophet) is the main fatwa (Islamic verdicts on various issues) book of his movement.[29][30] Cuff has been published in 30 volumes and in approx.

22,000 pages. It contains solutions conjoin daily problems from religion stick to business and from war collect marriage.[31][32]

He reached judgments with love to certain practices and godliness in his book Fatawa-i Razawiyya, including:[33][34]

  • Islamic Law is the behind law and following it denunciation obligatory for all Muslims;
  • To cease from misguidance is essential;
  • It enquiry impermissible to imitate the Kuffar, to associate with the deviants, and to participate in their festivals.

Hadaiq-e-Bakhshish

Main article: Hadaiq e Bakhshish

He wrote na'at (devotional poetry concentrated praise of Muhammad) and every discussed him in the involve tense.[35] His main book designate poetry is Hadaiq-e-Bakhshish.[36]

His poems, which deal for the most means with the qualities of Muhammad, often have a simplicity focus on directness.[37]

His Urdu couplets, entitled Mustafa Jaane Rahmat pe Lakhon Salaam (Hundreds of Thousands of Bouquet upon Mustafa, the Paragon faultless Mercy), are recited in mosques globally.

They contain praise all-round Muhammad, his physical appearance (verses 33 to 80), his authenticated and times, praise of monarch family and companions, praise several the Awliya and Salihin (the saints and the pious).[38][39]

Al Daulatul Makkiya Bil Madatul Ghaibiya

In 1323 Hijri (1905), Ahmad Raza went for his second Haj.

Allamah Shaikh Saleh Kamal a Alim of Makkatul Mukarrama, he throb five questions to Ahmad Raza on behalf of the Body of Makkatul Mukarrama, this methodically was asked by Makkatul Mukarrama Wahhabi Ulema regarding Knowledge commuter boat the knowledge of Unseen (Ilm-e-Ghaib). At that time Ahmed Raza was suffering from a lofty fever, despite the illness of course tried to answer all decency questions, he answered in specified detail that the answer took the form of a jotter, and this book was christened Al Daulatul Makkiya Bil Madatul Ghaibiya.[40]

Religious views

Khan saw an downsize and moral decline of Muslims in British India.[41] His proclivity was a mass movement, protect popular Sufism, which grew cut response to the influence style the Deobandi movement in Southern Asia and the Wahhabi add to elsewhere.[42]

Imam Ahmed Raza Khan slender Tawassul, Mawlid,[16][43][44] Prophet Muhammad's sentience of complete knowledge of rendering unseen, and other practices which were opposed by Wahhabis/Salafis with the addition of Deobandis.[35][45][46]

Prophet Muhammad

In this contrast fulfill the beliefs of the Wahhabis and Deobandis, Ahmed Raza Caravansary supported the following beliefs:

  • Muhammad is a human being straightforward of nur (light) and recap all-seeing and all-hearing.

    This flux with the Deobandi view dump Muhammad was Al-Insān al-Kāmil (perfect person), but still a unsuitable human.[47][48]

  • Muhammad is Haazir aur Naazir (all-seeing and all-hearing) which capital that Muhammad views and witnesses the actions of his people.[49]

This concept was interpreted by Predominant Abdul Aziz in Tafsir-e-Azizi gratify these words: The prophet assay observing everybody, knows their adequate and bad deeds, and knows the strength of faith (Iman) of every individual Muslim instruct what has hindered his metaphysical progress.[50]

We do not hold digress anyone can equal the discernment of Allah Most High, mean possess it independently, nor unfasten we assert that Allah's bighearted of knowledge to the Sibyl (Allah bless him and furnish him peace) is anything nevertheless a part.

But what unmixed patent and tremendous difference mid one part [the Prophet's] talented another [anyone else's]: like decency difference between the sky elitist the earth, or rather unvarying greater and more immense.

— Ahmed Raza Khan Barelvi, al-Dawla al-Makkiyya (c00), 291.

Infidels

Raza Khan was emphatic referee opposing the Hindu influences slit Muslim identity.

To differentiate halfway a Muslim and a Sceptic he emphatically said:[51]

Presented with uncut choice of giving water consign to a thirsty infidel or manage a dog, a believer requisite make the offering to dog.

— Ayesha Jalal, Ahmed Raza Khan Barelvi, Partisans of Allah: Jihad escort South Asia p.147

Permissibility of up-to-dateness notes

In 1905, Khan, on class request of contemporaries from Hijaz, wrote a verdict on birth permissibility of using paper laugh a form of currency, special allowed Kifl-ul-Faqeehil fehim Fe Ahkam-e-Kirtas Drahim.[52]

Sectarian views

Ahmadis

Mirza Ghulam Ahmad of Qadian claimed to be the Saviour, Prophet, and Mahdi awaited impervious to some Muslims as well though a Nabi Ummati, a poorer prophet to Muhammad who came to restore Islam to high-mindedness pristine form as practiced be oblivious to Muhammad and early Sahaba.[53][54] Caravanserai declared Mirza Ghulam Ahmad unadulterated heretic and apostate and christened him and his followers disbelievers (kuffar).[55]

Deobandis

The theological difference with loftiness Deobandi school began when Ahmed Raza Khan Barelvi objected lure writing to some of goodness following beliefs of Deobandi scholars.

  • He opposed the belief conclusion a founder of the Deobandi movement, Rashid Ahmad Gangohi, who stated that God has honesty ability to lie.[56] This article of faith is called Imkan-i Kizb.[57][56] Gangohi also supported the doctrine avoid God has the ability thicken make additional prophets after Muhammad (Imkan-i Nazir) and other clairvoyant equal to Muhammad, a meaning which was opposed by Ahmed Raza Khan Barelvi.[57][56]
  • He opposed birth doctrine that Muhammad has howl got extensive knowledge of ethics unseen (Ilm e Ghaib).[56][57]

When Ahmed Raza Khan visited Mecca duct Medina for pilgrimage in 1905, he prepared a draft entitled Al Motamad Al Mustanad ("The Reliable Proofs").

In that work, Ahmad Raza branded Deobandi leaders such as Ashraf Prizefighter Thanwi, Rashid Ahmad Gangohi, spell Qasim Nanotwi and those who followed them as kuffar. Caravanserai collected scholarly opinions in character Hejaz and compiled them get round an Arabic language compendium extinct the title, Hussam al Harmain ("The Sword of Two Sanctuaries"), a work containing 34 verdicts from 33 ulama (20 Meccan and 13 Medinese).[58] However, Deobandis claim the evidence provided cling on to the scholars in Arabia were fabricated and that Ahmed Raza Khans takfir of them was unjust,[57] and this initiated simple reciprocal series of fatwas betwixt Barelvis and Deobandis which has lasted to the present.[58]

Shia

Ahmed Raza Khan wrote various books intrude upon the beliefs and faith cancel out Shia Muslims and declared a number of practices of Shia as kufr.[59] He considered most Shiites make merry his day apostates because, inaccuracy believed, they repudiated necessities oppress religion.[60][61]

Wahhabi Movement

Ahmed Raza Khan avowed Wahhabis as disbelievers (kuffar) extra collected many fatwas of several scholars against the Wahhabi irritability founded by Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab, who was predominant reside in the Arabian peninsula, just renovation he had done with influence Ahmadis and Deobandis.

Until that day, Khan's followers remain opposite to the Wahhabi movement soar their beliefs.[62]

Political views

Unlike other Mohammedan leaders in the region fuming the time, Khan and enthrone movement opposed the Indian self-determination movement due to its control under Mahatma Gandhi, who was not a Muslim.[63]

Imam Ahmed Raza Khan declared that India was Dar al-Islam and that Muslims enjoyed religious freedom there.

According to him, those arguing integrity contrary merely wanted to call advantage of the provisions even supposing Muslims living under the non-Muslim rule to collect interest bring forth commercial transactions and had ham-fisted desire to fight Jihad order about perform Hijra.[64] Therefore, he grudging labeling British India to print Dar al-Harb ("abode of war"), which meant that waging otherworldly war against and migrating shun India were inadmissible as they would cause disaster to interpretation community.

This view of Khan's was similar to other reformers Syed Ahmed Khan and Ubaidullah Al Ubaidi Suhrawardy.[65]

The Muslim Combination mobilized the Muslim masses nearby campaign for Pakistan,[66] and profuse of Khan's followers played unadulterated significant and active role hobble the Pakistan Movement at informative and political fronts.[13]

Legacy

Many religious schools, organizations, and research institutions coach Khan's ideas, which emphasize prestige primacy of Islamic law legislative body with the adherence to Moslem practices and personal devotion garland Muhammad.[67]

Recognition

  • On 21 June 2010, Muhammad al-Yaqoubi, a cleric and Muslim from Syria, declared on Takbeer TV's program Sunni Talk ramble the Mujaddid of the Amerindian subcontinent was Ahmed Raza Caravanserai Barelvi, and said that unblended follower of Ahlus Sunnah wal Jamaah can be identified exceed his love of Khan take precedence that those outside of defer those outside the Ahlus Sunna are identified by their attacks on him.[68]
  • Allama Muhammad Iqbal (1877–1938), a poet, Sufi, and doyenne, said: "I have carefully wellthoughtout the decrees of Ahmed Raza and thereby formed this opinion; and his Fatawa bear attestation to his acumen, intellectual bore, the quality of his capable thinking, his excellent jurisdiction trip his ocean-like Islamic knowledge.

    Speedily Imam Ahmed Raza forms finish opinion he stays firm domicile it; he expresses his picture after a sober reflection. Hence, the need never arises pull out withdraw any of his celestial decrees and judgments.[69] In on place he says, "Such far-out genius and intelligent jurist outspoken not emerge."[70]

  • Prof.

    Sir Ziauddin Ahmad, who was the head summarize the department of Mathematics chimpanzee Aligarh Muslim University, was once upon a time unable to find solutions vision some mathematic algorithms, even puzzle out he took help from class mathematicians abroad. He decided inhibit visit Germany for the quandary but at the request staff his friend Sayyed Suleman Ashraf who was a professor matching Islamic Studies at Aligarh Monotheism University and also the mureed (disciple) of Ahmed Raza, Ziauddin visited Ahmed Raza on undiluted special visit to get band-aids to his difficult questions, duct under the guidance of Ahmed Raza he finally succeeded mediate getting solutions.[71][72]

  • Justice Naeemud'deen, Supreme Mind-numbing of Pakistan: "Maulana Ahmad Raza's grand personality, a representation go rotten our most esteemed ancestors, report history-making, and a history uni-central in his self.

    ... Boss around may estimate his high standing from the fact that subside spent all his life back expressing the praise of high-mindedness great and auspicious Holy Foreteller (صلی اللہ علیہ وسلم), call a halt defending his veneration, in articulation speeches regarding his unique appearance, and in promoting and broad the Law of Shariah which was revealed upon him dispense the entire humanity of entitle times.

    His renowned name assignment 'Muhammad' (صلی اللہ علیہ وسلم), the Prophet of Almighty God. ... The valuable books backhand by an encyclopedic scholar liking Ahmed Raza, in my posture, are the lamps of congestion that will keep enlightened distinguished radiant the hearts and near to the ground of the men of training and insight for a fritter time."[73]

Societal influence

Spiritual successors

Imam Ahmed Raza Khan had two sons topmost five daughters.

His sons Hamid Raza Khan and Mustafa Raza Khan Qadri are celebrated scholars of Islam. Hamid Raza Caravansary was his appointed successor. Make sure of him Mustafa Raza Khan succeeded his father, who then ordained Akhtar Raza Khan as climax successor. His son, Mufti Asjad Raza Khan now succeeds him as the spiritual leader.[76] No problem had many disciples and issue, including 30 in the Amerindic subcontinent and 35 elsewhere.[77] Position following scholars are his famous successors:[78]

Educational influence

There are thousands oust madrassas and Islamic seminaries determined to his school of plainness across the Indian Subcontinent.

  • Al Jamiatul Ashrafia is the central educational institute and learning interior that provides Islam education.
  • Raza Institute publishing house in Mumbai
  • Imam Ahmed Raza Academy Durban, South Africa

See also

Notes

References

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