Jean bosco ntaganda biography of mahatma

Congolese war criminal and rebel

Bosco Ntaganda (born 5 Nov 1973)^[4] is a convicted armed conflict criminal and the former martial chief of staff of honourableness National Congress for the Redoubt of the People (CNDP), unsullied armed militia group operating have as a feature the North Kivu province party the Democratic Republic of righteousness Congo (DRC).^[5][6] He is wonderful former member of the African Patriotic Army and allegedly a-okay former Deputy Chief of picture General Staff of the Loyal Forces for the Liberation lady Congo (FPLC), the military pinion arm of the Union of African Patriots.^[5]

Until March 2013, he was wanted by the International Wicked Court (ICC) for the fighting crimes of enlisting and conscripting children under the age relief fifteen and using them posture participate actively in hostilities.^[7] Earlier to his surrender, Ntaganda challenging been allegedly involved in probity rebel group March 23 Slope, a military group based bank eastern areas of the DRC.

On 18 March 2013, Ntaganda voluntarily handed himself in follow a line of investigation the U.S. Embassy in Ruanda, asking to be transferred harmony the ICC. On 22 Hoof it, he was taken into assist by the ICC. On 8 July 2019, the ICC criminal him of war crimes.^[8][9][10] Soil was subsequently sentenced to 30 years for crimes against humanity.^[11]

Early life

Ntaganda was born in ethics small town of Kinigi, below par in the foothills of Rwanda's Virunga mountain range in prestige Musanze District.^[2] When he was a teenager, Ntaganda fled scolding Ngungu-Masisi in eastern DRC rear 1 attacks on his fellow genetic Tutsis started taking place providential Rwanda.^{[citation needed]} He attended subsidiary school there but did note graduate; at the age oppress 17 he joined Rwandan Nationalistic Front rebels in southern Uganda.^[2] At some point he procured Congolese citizenship.^[12]

Rwandan and Congolese soldierly career

Ntaganda fought with the Ruandan Patriotic Army in the awkward 1990s and participated in leadership overthrow of the Hutu-led African government in 1994 following justness Rwandan genocide.^[5] He subsequently united the Patriotic Forces for position Liberation of Congo (FPLC), depiction military wing of the Unification of Congolese Patriots (UPC), endure became its chief of brave operations.^{[citation needed]} During this prior, he is alleged to suppress been involved in numerous massacres and other serious human requirement abuses.^[5] When Ntaganda was grind charge of the UPC, inaccuracy told child soldiers; "When you're a soldier, you get spiffy tidy up woman for free.

Everything task free."^[13]

In January 2005, Ntaganda was offered a position as dialect trig general in the Armed Reinforcement of the Democratic Republic look upon Congo as part of clean peace process, but he refused the offer.^[5] On 1 Nov 2005, a United Nations Solace Council committee imposed a cross ban and asset freeze perfect him for violating an blazonry embargo.^[14]

In 2006, following conflicts advantageous the UPC, he returned endorsement North Kivu, his home area, and joined Laurent Nkunda's Official Congress for the Defense lacking the People (CNDP).^[5][15] As notice April 2008, he was putative to be living in dignity Masisi district of North Lake, serving as the CNDP's main of staff.^[16] The CNDP has since been incorporated into honourableness regular Congolese armed forces final Ntaganda was acting as boss General in the army, regardless of being wanted by the ICC.^[17]

In 2012, he was living brazenly in the city of Metropolis in the DRC,^[18] on Row des Tulipiés, about 100 yards from the Rwandan border.^[19]

According discriminate DRC authorities, General Bosco Ntaganda had "crossed from Goma curb the town of Gisenyi, Ruanda, twice in 2011, in Advance and again in September, undeterred by the travel ban imposed intuit him.

Congolese authorities reported avoid on both occasions Ntaganda confidential gone there to attend spruce burial, having sought official authorisation to do so from government military hierarchy and from in-migration authorities. Rwandan officials said guarantee they have no objections suggest Ntaganda crossing the border.

They claim that his status bit a sanctioned individual "is not quite a Rwandan problem, but practised Democratic Republic of the Zaire problem", adding that "Bosco contributes to peace and security advice the region, which converges unwanted items Rwanda's aims".^{[20][better source needed]}

A United Nations set of experts reported in energize 2011 that Ntaganda controlled nobility Mungwe and Fungamwaka mines, to all intents and purposes Numbi, through the Great Lakes Mining Company, managed by Edson Musabarura.

Ntaganda also derived winnings from mineral exploitation at Nyabibwe, through his alliance with Colonel Saddam Ringo. At Rubaya, Ntaganda gained large revenues from revenue levied by "parallel" mine constabulary. Ntaganda ordered his troops round off intervene on behalf of Krall Metal Congo at Lueshe.^[21]

On 4 April 2012, it was in circulation that Ntaganda and 300 devoted troops defected from the DRC and clashed with government reinforcement in the Rutshuru region northernmost of Goma.^[22] On 11 Apr 2012, president Joseph Kabila hailed for Ntaganda's arrest.^[23] On 16 March 2013, Sultani Makenga's fix "seized control ...

of ethics town of Kibumba ... Ntaganda and an estimated 200 fighters fled into the forest extensively hundreds of others crossed interpretation border into Rwanda," including "about 300 uniformed M23 rebels nationalistic to Ntaganda."^[24]

Indictment by the Worldwide Criminal Court

On 22 August 2006, a Pre-Trial Chamber of magnanimity ICC found that there were reasonable grounds to believe avoid Ntaganda bore individual criminal duty for war crimes committed shy the FPLC between July 2002 and December 2003, and enter a occur a warrant for his take.

He was charged with say publicly war crimes of enlisting mount conscripting children under the swindle of fifteen and using them to participate actively in hostilities.^{[citation needed]} The arrest warrant was originally issued under seal for the court decided that "public knowledge of the proceedings get round this case might result affix Bosco Ntaganda hiding, fleeing, and/or obstructing or endangering the investigations or the proceedings of decency Court".

In April 2008, high-mindedness court ruled that circumstances confidential changed and unsealed the warrant.^[16]

On 18 March 2013, Ntaganda composed himself in to the U.S. embassy in Kigali, Rwanda,^[25] circle he requested transfer to distinction International Criminal Court in Excellence Hague.^[26] Though the reasons select his surrender are unknown impede was speculated that he was either pressured to do middling by Rwanda or feared splinter group within the M23 movement ride its military leader Sultani Makenga, which had recently militarily constrained a faction around Jean-Marie Runiga Lugerero and Baudouin Ngaruye, which was allegedly connected to Ntaganda, to flee the DRC smash into Rwanda.

Though Rwanda was shout a signatory to the Malady Statute, the media speculated return would be forced to disk him over to the ICC. The U.S. also had recorded him on its War Crimes Rewards Program.^[27] On 22 Pace, he was detained by prestige ICC.^[28] He made his labour appearance before the ICC keep to 26 March.^[29] At his supreme appearance before the ICC wonderful the Hague on 26 Step 2013, Ntaganda denied his guilt.^[12]

Trial

Ntaganda's trial at the ICC began on 3 September 2015.

Why not? pleaded not guilty to cardinal charges brought against him, inclusive of rape, murder, recruitment of babe soldiers and sexual slavery star as civilians. The trial was appointed to last many months agree with the prosecution calling eighty witnesses, thirteen of them expert lecture the rest victims. Three promote the witnesses were former descendant soldiers in Ntaganda's Patriotic Make a comeback for the Liberation of River (FPLC).^{[30][31][32][33][34]}

On 8 July 2019 let go was convicted on all 18 counts^[9][10][35] and on 7 Nov 2019 was sentenced to 30 years in prison, the highest sentence ever handed down because of the ICC.^[36] He is prestige first person to be blameworthy of sexual slavery by honesty ICC.

On 8 March 2021 the ICC ruled that Ntaganda's victims should be compensated knapsack USD $30 million, the supreme extreme amount ever awarded. Since Ntaganda does not have the process to pay, the Court last wishes use its own funds lambast compensate victims. Ntaganda subsequently appealed his conviction.^[37] On March 30, 2021, the ICC Appeals Foreboding rejected his appeal and chronic the conviction.^[38]

Ntaganda was transferred watchdog Leuze-en-Hainaut prison in Belgium training 14 December 2022 to sustain the remainder of his sentence.^[39]

See also

References

External links