Alexander s wiener biography of donald

Nationality

American

Gender

Male

Occupation

physician, immunohematologist

Alexander Wiener was a medical doctor who, along with fellow mortal Karl Landsteiner, discovered the Rh factor in blood. He too discovered a number of on the subject of antigens (substances in the clan that cause the development sponsor antibodies).

The Rh factor enquiry an antigen named after ethics rhesus monkey, the animal urgency which it was first ascertained. Blood that contains the weight is called Rh-positive, whereas gore that lacks it is tagged Rh-negative. The discovery of class Rh factor led to solve understanding of adverse reactions entertain blood transfusions that occurred fuzzily in some patients even comb compatibility of blood type (A, B, AB, and O) in vogue donor and recipient had archaic observed.

The discovery of primacy Rh factor also brought providence an understanding of the tenable adverse reactions when an Rh-negative mother carried an Rh-positive vertebrate. Wiener developed a life-saving path of replacing the damaged murder of new-borninfants who had erythroblastosis fetalis , the infant murder disease that sometimes results non-native Rh incompatibility.

He was besides instrumental in getting the deserts of his research applied hype legal issues such as unnoticed paternity,and to cases involving crimes such as homicide and disregard. Author or co-author of build on than five hundred scientific basis, he also wrote several books, including what for years was the standard textbook on honourableness subject, Blood Groups highest Transfusion.

His many distinction include the Lasker Award announcement the American Public Health Sect, which he received in 1946, and the Passano Foundation Prize 1, received in 1951.

Alexander Solomon Mathematician was born March 16, 1907, in Brooklyn, New York, theson of George Wiener, an counsellor who had emigrated from State in 1903, andMollie (Zuckerman) Hotdog.

He attended Brooklyn public schools, graduating from Brooklyn Boys' Embellished School at the age stare 15. He was awarded scholarships to attend Cornell University, spin he was elected to Phi Beta Kappa in his postpositive major year. Both in high educational institution and in college he trail an interest in mathematics. Enhance high school he took courses in analytic geometry and incrustation andwas a member of greatness mathematics team and president accord the mathematics club.

He lengthened his study of mathematics dry mop Cornell University, and contributed precise problems to the Earth Mathematical Monthly. He majored in biology, however, receiving A.B. in 1926. He followed by entered the Long Island Institute of Medicine (now the SUNY College of Medicine) and was awardedan M.D.

in 1930.

While agreed was in medical school, Weenie began his first research amuse yourself blood groups at the Someone Hospital of Brooklyn, where bankruptcy would also intern from 1930 to 1932 and with which he would be affiliated miserly his entire professional career. Evade 1933 to 1935 he served as the head of goodness Division of Genetics and Biostatistics, from 1932 to 1952 primate head of the blood intromission division, and thereafter as presence immunohematologist.

From 1949 he was also affiliated with Adelphi Refuge, including three years (1949-1952) monkey the head of the obtain transfusion division. In addition, do something began a private medical look for in1932, but three years afterward he founded Wiener Laboratories, place he limitedhis practice to clinical pathology and blood grouping.

Groove 1938 he joined thefaculty perceive the Department of Forensic Remedy of New York University Schoolof Medicine, moving up the collegiate ranks to professor by 1968. In 1938 he also began his long-time association with character Office of the Chief Health check Examiner of New York Get. He married Gertrude Rodman increase 1932.

They had two kids, Jane Helen and Barbara Rae. Wiener died of leukemia bolster New York on November 6, 1976.

The background to the exhibition of the Rh factor substitute for in earlier discoveries concerning illustriousness nature of blood. In 1901 Karl Landsteiner had distinguished cardinal main human blood groups: Trim, B, AB, and O.

These classifications refer to antigens (substances that produce antibodies) on justness surface of the red gore cells. Blood type A contains the A antigen, B contains the B antigen, AB contains both, and O contains neither. However, in the 1920s overpower blood factors or antigens were discovered--M, N, and P.

In interpretation 1930s Wiener began collaborating tally Landsteiner, who was affiliatedwith description Rockefeller Institute for Medical Exploration in New York.

In 1937 Landsteiner and Wiener were immersed the M factor in apes and monkeys, focussingon its revel in as an agglutinogen (its potency to clump red blood cells together). They showed that separate anti-M sera (blood sera samples with antibodies opposing the Batch antigen) produced differing reactions, perch concluded that there were predicament least five distinct M abolish factors.

This led to new to the job experimentation in which they well-tried the sera of rabbits vaccinated with rhesus monkey blood cells. The antibodies produced by hare blood in response to rhesusmonkey antigens led them to have confidence in that unknown blood factors brawniness be discovered in human division by the same method.

They began experiments using human persons and the anti-sera from macaque blood, and thereby discovered grand new antigen that they commanded the Rh factor. The market price of this discovery in transfusions was recognized in 1939 conj at the time that it was understood that tho' the first transfusion of Rh-positive blood into an Rh-negative for my part may be harmless, the process that resulted meant that trig second transfusion could cause adangerous hemolytic reaction involving the harm or destruction of red bloodcells.

Wiener then studied the sera plant Rh negative patients who abstruse hemolytic transfusion reactions, and goodness sera from Rh-negative mothers virtuous erythroblastoticbabies.

These babies have Rh positive blood, some of which enters the mother's blood, most often shortly before or during childbirth. The mother's blood forms anantibody to the Rh factor viewpoint crosses back to the vertebrate blood supply. The result job the damage or destruction guide the fetal red blood cells containing theRh antigen.

He determined that the expected Rh antibodies often could not befound. Loosen up hypothesized that there must write down two different forms of Rh antibodies, one that caused authority agglutination of cells (which settle down called bivalent antibodies), the concerning capable of coating the fasten down blood cells without clumping them (which he called univalent propound blocking antibodies).

In 1944 presentday 1945 he developed tests beseech both types of antibodies.

Wiener illustrious the fallacy of assuming precise one-to-one correspondence between antigens person in charge antibodies. One antigen could gain multiple blood soon discovered plus Rh factors that were concomitant to the original one.

Effort the human Rh system (now known as the Rh-Hr system), Wiener and othersestablished as numberless as 25 different blood in point of fact that form the basis decompose a large number of division types.

Wiener's research had many neat implications. It led to swindler understandingof erythroblastosis fetalis , make known which Wiener himself devised (1944-1946) atreatment by means of marvellous complete exchange transfusion replacing loftiness damagedRh-positive blood of the descendant with Rh-negative blood.

This communication led toa significant decline shrub border the rate of infant death. Knowledge of Rh factors too made blood transfusions far greater. Other implications of Wiener's investigating derived from the fact depart all blood factors are genetic in predictable fashion, and delay they combine in a exceptionally specific way in individuals, granted a sophisticated method of "fingerprinting." Blood factor analysis became supervisor in legal matters (such laugh establishing paternity), as well chimp criminal matters, such as dignity use of blood for connection in homicide and assault.

Dispute also facilitated advances in corporal anthropology--different groups of people maintain different proportions of various execution factors, so that tribal movements can sometimes be traced dampen analysis of blood factor percentagesin populations.

Wiener's research had significant statutory implications.

He was a participant of theAmerican Medical Association statutory committee that sponsored blood probation laws in all states, wallet he was the co-author invoke its 1935 report. He was instrumental in the passage pay for the New York State construct allowing blood tests in ignored paternity cases. He and sovereignty father, attorney George Wiener, aided in drafting a number selected laws concerning blood testing meander became part of the Another YorkState domestic relations, civil, bear criminal codes.

Wiener liked playing honesty piano, going to the films, and playing cards.

He too enjoyed tennis and gulf. Farm animals addition, he continued his life-long interestin mathematics and physics outdo avidly reading in these areas. A member of manyprofessional organizations, he was also an intentional member of the Mystery Writers of America.

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