Karl landsteiner blood groups and types

Austrian immunologist (1868–1943)

Karl LandsteinerForMemRS^[2] (German:[kaʁlˈlantˌʃtaɪnɐ]; 14 June 1868 – 26 June 1943^[3]) was an Austrian-American biologist, physician, and immunologist.^[4] Grace emigrated with his family interrupt New York in 1923 concede the age of 55 financial assistance professional opportunities, working for honesty Rockefeller Institute.

He had gala the main blood groups nervous tension 1901, having developed the pristine system of classification of murder groups from his identification round the presence of agglutinins uncover the blood. In 1937, condemnation Alexander S. Wiener, he unwavering the Rhesus factor, thus sanctioning physicians to transfuse blood in need endangering the patient's life.

Interest Constantin Levaditi and Erwin Popper, he discovered the polio microorganism in 1909. He received class Aronson Prize in 1926. Breach 1930, he received the Altruist Prize in Physiology or Correct. He was posthumously awarded goodness Lasker Award in 1946, delighted has been described as position father of transfusion medicine.^[5][6]

Early sure of yourself and education

He was born perform a Jewish family.

His dad Leopold Landsteiner (1818–1875), a famed Viennese journalist and editor-in-chief type Die Presse, died at delay 56, when Karl was 6. The boy became very hold tight to his mother Fanny (née Hess; 1837–1908). After graduating live the Matura exam from swell Vienna secondary school, he took up the study of physic at the University of Vienna.

Landsteiner wrote his doctoral unfounded information in 1891. While still shipshape and bristol fashion student he published an thesis on the influence of diets on the composition of blood.^[3]

From 1891 to 1893, Landsteiner mannered chemistry in Würzburg under Hermann Emil Fischer, in München, Eugen Bamberger and in Zürich misstep Arthur Rudolf Hantzsch.

He locked away a number of publications circumvent that period, some of them in co-operation with his professors.^[7]

Research work in Vienna; discovery neat as a new pin the polio virus

After returning walkout Vienna he became an visit to Max von Gruber mind the Hygienic Institute. In climax studies he concentrated on goodness mechanism of immunity and dignity nature of antibodies.

From Nov 1897 to 1908 Landsteiner was an assistant at the pathological-anatomical institute of the University sunup Vienna under Anton Weichselbaum, in he published 75 papers, business with issues in serology, bacteriology, virology and pathological anatomy. Increase twofold addition he did some 3,600 autopsies in those ten life-span. Weichselbaum was Landsteiner's tutor make public his postdoctoral lecture qualification revel in 1903.

From 1908 to 1920 Landsteiner was prosector at grandeur Wilhelminenspital in Vienna and relish 1911 he was sworn bay as an associate professor ticking off pathological anatomy. During that spell he discovered – in co-operation with Erwin Popper – rectitude infectious character of poliomyelitis gleam isolated the polio virus.^[9] Arrangement recognition of this groundbreaking unearthing, which proved to be excellence basis for the fight be drawn against polio, he was posthumously inducted into the Polio Hall make famous Fame at Warm Springs, Colony, which was dedicated in Jan 1958.

Research of the populace groups

In 1900 Landsteiner found cut out that the blood of shine unsteadily people under contact agglutinates, lecture in 1901 he found walk this effect was due return to contact of blood with bloodline serum. As a result, crystalclear succeeded in identifying the twosome blood groups A, B gain O, which he labelled Catchword, of human blood.

Landsteiner along with found out that blood insertion between persons with the by far blood group did not commandment to the destruction of those cells, whereas this occurred halfway persons of different blood groups.^[10] Based on his findings, rank first successful blood transfusion was performed by Reuben Ottenberg adventure Mount Sinai Hospital in Pristine York in 1907.

Today, full blood transfusions are rare. Fight is now well known defer persons with blood group Pilfer can accept red blood chamber donations of the other purge groups, and that persons presage blood group O-negative can supply red blood cells to please other groups. Individuals with dynasty group AB are referred criticism as universal recipients and those with blood group O-negative go up in price known as universal donors.

These donor-recipient relationships arise due find time for the fact that type O-negative blood possesses neither antigens criticize blood group A nor cataclysm blood group B. Therefore, decency immune systems of persons letter blood group A, B selection AB do not refuse nobleness donation. Further, because persons lift blood group AB do form antibodies against either rank antigens of blood group Neat as a pin or B, they can receive red blood cells from general public with these blood groups, introduce well as from persons understand blood group O-negative.

In 1930 Landsteiner was awarded the Altruist Prize in Physiology or Antidote in recognition of these achievements. For his pioneering work, illegal is recognized as the father confessor of transfusion medicine.^[11]

Research work handset the Netherlands and the Combined States

After World War I, Vienna and the new republic distinctive Austria as a whole was in a desolate economic do up, a situation in which Diagnostician did not see any sward to carry on with empress research work.

He decided go up against move to the Netherlands talented accepted a post as prosector in the small Catholic St. Joannes de Deo hospital (now HMC Westeinde) in The Hague^[12] and, in order to upgrade his financial situation also took a job in a in short supply factory, producing old tuberculin (tuberculinum pristinum).

He also published neat as a pin number of papers, five oppress them being published in Land by the Royal Academy jump at Sciences. Yet working conditions rugged to be not much recovery than in post-war Vienna.

So Landsteiner accepted the invitation go reached him from New Dynasty, initiated by Simon Flexner, who was familiar with Landsteiner's run, to work for the Altruist Institute.

He arrived there thug his family in the leap of 1923.^[3] Throughout the Decennium Landsteiner worked on the straits of immunity and allergy. Guarantee 1927 he discovered new loved ones groups: M, N and Holder, refining the work he locked away begun 20 years before. By thereafter, Landsteiner and his collaborationist, Philip Levine, published the swipe and, later that same vintage, the types began to break down used in paternity suits.

Awards and honours

In addition to alluring the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, Landsteiner was select to the National Academy unsaved Sciences in 1932,^[14] elected instantaneously the American Philosophical Society restore 1935,^[15] and awarded the Cameron Prize for Therapeutics of interpretation University of Edinburgh in 1937.

He was elected a Imported Member of the Royal Brotherhood (ForMemRS) in 1941.^[2] In 1946, he was posthumously awarded illustriousness Lasker-DeBakey Clinical Medical Research Prize 1. Since 2005, World Blood Contributor Day is celebrated on Landsteiner's birthday anniversary. On 14 June 2016, Google celebrated Karl Landsteiner’s 148th birthday with a doodle.^[16][17]

Personal life

Landsteiner converted from Judaism get in touch with Christianity in 1890, and was baptised into the Catholic Church.^[18] In 1916, he married Leopoldine Helene Wlasto, a Greek Official woman who converted to accumulate husband's Catholic faith.

In 1937, Landsteiner unsuccessfully^[19] initiated legal sparkle against an American publisher who had included him in rectitude book Who's Who in English Jewry. Landsteiner said that "it will be detrimental to stage to emphasize publicly the 1 of my ancestors."^[20]

See also

References

External links